Atlas Shrugged is a fictionalized depiction of the causes, results, and ultimate implications of man's slow descent into moral and philosophical self- destruction. It is set in the near future, but its many historical and contemporary references are meant to demonstrate that the dangers of intellectual stagnation are plausible and imminent. In the novel, men of the mind rebel against a society that preaches altruism, a society that teaches struggling victims that sacrifices for the sake of others is proper and moral, a society that indoctrinates its youth with a vicious, destructive skepticism. In this society, need is the most important claim to virtue, and so the most productive, capable men are forced into virtual enslavement by a vicious code of directives intended to eliminate all economic class distinctions.
The characters in the novel are for the most part stylized representations of the two primary forces at work in the world: rationality and irrationality. Those few who do not completely fit within one category or the other are specifically designed to demonstrate the conflict between the two forces within the framework of a single life. Rand's primary contention is that morality stems from the ability to accept and fulfill man's potential as a rational being. Her heroes live their lives completely. Because they are not afraid of reality, they possess a superior capacity for joy and passion.
John Galt, the principal hero and liberator in the novel, is the ultimate human being, a man completely immune to fear and suffering. He represents the ideal, the true and the right in human form. The battle he fights is the most difficult and profound in the history of the human race. His soldiers are the men of the industrial intelligentsia and their weapon is the only truly invincible weapon on earth: the power of reason. One of the primary literary devices employed in the novel is the rhetorical question, especially the famous "Who is John Galt?" This question represents at first a sense of futility and fear in the face of inexplicable decay, but eventually grows into its complete and final meaning: a sense of fear in the face of inevitable and just decay. Galt is a symbol of objective human justice.
Though Rand contends that men like John Galt and Hank Rearden do exist, in truth there is no cult of the rational like the one in this novel. Reason provides a pure methodology for discovery and existence, but its application varies from mind to mind. Rational philosophical premises are not innate principles; they must be discovered in the process of living.